Caracterização e estudo comparativo de exsudações de hidrocarbonetos e plays petrolíferos em bacias terrestres das regiões central do Irã e sudeste do Brasil usando sensoriamento remoto espectral

Orientador: Carlos Roberto de Souza FilhoTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de GeociênciasResumo: O objetivo desta pesquisa foi explorar as assinaturas de exsudações de hidrocarbonetos na superfície usando a tecnologia de detecção remota espectral. Isso foi alcançado primeiro, realizando uma revisão abrangente das capacidades e potenciais técnicas de detecção direta e indireta. Em seguida, a técnica foi aplicada para investigar dois locais de teste localizados no Irã e no Brasil, conhecidos por hospedar sistemas ativos de micro-exsudações e afloramentos betuminosos, respectivamente. A primeira área de estudo está localizada perto da cidade de Qom (Irã), e está inserida no campo petrolífero Alborz, enterrado sob sedimentos datados do Oligoceno da Formação Upper Red. O segundo local está localizado perto da cidade de Anhembi (SP), na margem oriental da bacia do Paraná, no Brasil, e inclui acumulações de betume em arenitos triássicos da Formação Pirambóia. O trabalho na área de Qom integrou evidências de (i) estudos petrográficos e geoquímicos em laboratório, (ii) investigações de afloramentos em campo, e (iii) mapeamento de anomalia em larga escala através de conjuntos de dados multi-espectrais ASTER e Sentinel-2. O resultado deste estudo se trata de novos indicadores mineralógicos e geoquímicos para a exploração de micro-exsudações e um modelo de micro-exsudações atualizado. Durante este trabalho, conseguimos desenvolver novas metodologias para análise de dados espectroscópicos. Através da utilização de dados simulados, indicamos que o instrumento de satélite WorldView-3 tem potencial para detecção direta de hidrocarbonetos. Na sequência do estudo, dados reais sobre afloramentos de arenitos e óleo na área de Anhembi foram investigados. A área foi fotografada novamente no chão e usando o sistema de imagem hiperespectral AisaFENIX. Seguiu-se estudos e amostragem no campo,incluindo espectroscopia de alcance fechado das amostras no laboratório usando instrumentos de imagem (ou seja, sisuCHEMA) e não-imagem (ou seja, FieldSpec-4). O estudo demonstrou que uma abordagem espectroscópica multi-escala poderia fornecer uma imagem completa das variações no conteúdo e composição do betume e minerais de alteração que acompanham. A assinatura de hidrocarbonetos, especialmente a centrada em 2300 nm, mostrou-se consistente e comparável entre as escalas e capaz de estimar o teor de betume de areias de petróleo em todas as escalas de imagemAbstract: The objective of this research was to explore for the signatures of seeping hydrocarbons on the surface using spectral remote sensing technology. It was achieved firstly by conducting a comprehensive review of the capacities and potentials of the technique for direct and indirect seepage detection. Next, the technique was applied to investigate two distinctive test sites located in Iran and Brazil known to retain active microseepage systems and bituminous outcrops, respectively. The first study area is located near the city of Qom in Iran, and consists of Alborz oilfield buried under Oligocene sediments of the Upper-Red Formation. The second site is located near the town of Anhembi on the eastern edge of the Paraná Basin in Brazil and includes bitumen accumulations in the Triassic sandstones of the Pirambóia Formation. Our work in Qom area integrated evidence from (i) petrographic, spectroscopic, and geochemical studies in the laboratory, (ii) outcrop investigations in the field, and (iii) broad-scale anomaly mapping via orbital remote sensing data. The outcomes of this study was novel mineralogical and geochemical indicators for microseepage characterization and a classification scheme for the microseepage-induced alterations. Our study indicated that active microseepage systems occur in large parts of the lithofacies in Qom area, implying that the extent of the petroleum reservoir is much larger than previously thought. During this work, we also developed new methodologies for spectroscopic data analysis and processing. On the other side, by using simulated data, we indicated that WorldView-3 satellite instrument has the potential for direct hydrocarbon detection. Following this demonstration, real datasets were acquired over oil-sand outcrops of the Anhembi area. The area was further imaged on the ground and from the air by using an AisaFENIX hyperspectral imaging system. This was followed by outcrop studies and sampling in the field and close-range spectroscopy in the laboratory using both imaging (i.e. sisuCHEMA) and nonimaging instruments. The study demonstrated that a multi-scale spectroscopic approach could provide a complete picture of the variations in the content and composition of bitumen and associated alteration mineralogy. The oil signature, especially the one centered at 2300 nm, was shown to be consistent and comparable among scales, and capable of estimating the bitumen content of oil-sands at all imaging scalesDoutoradoGeologia e Recursos NaturaisDoutor em Geociências2015/06663-7FAPES

Spectral remote sensing for onshore seepage characterization: A critical overview

FAPESP - FUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULOIn this article, we overview the application of spectral remote sensing data collected by multi-, and hyperspectral instruments in the visible-near infrared (VNIR), short-wave infrared (SWIR), and longwave infrared (LWIR) wavelengths for characterization of seepage systems as an exploration indicator of subsurface hydrocarbon (HC) accumulations. Two seepage systems namely macro-, and microseepage are recognized. A macroseepage is defined as visible indications of oil and gas on the surface and in the air detectable directly by a remote sensing approach. A microseepage is defined as invisible traces of light HCs in soils and sediments that are detectable by its secondary footprints in the strata, hence an indirect remote sensing target. Based on these broad categories, firstly, a comprehensive set of well-described and reliable remote sensing case studies available in the literature are thoroughly reviewed and then systematically assessed as regards the methodological shortcomings and scantiness in data gathering, processing, and interpretation. The work subsequently attempts to go through seminal papers published on microseepage concept and interrelated geochemical and geophysical techniques, exhumed HC reservoirs, lab-based spectroscopic analysis of petroleum and other related disciplines from a remote sensing standpoint. The aim is to enrich the discussion and highlight the still unexplored capabilities of this technique in accomplishing exploration objectives using the concept of seepage system. Aspects of seepage phenomenon in environmental pollution and uncertainties associated with their role in global warming are also underlined. This work benefits from illustrative products generated over two study areas located in the Ventura Basin, State of California, USA and the Tucano Basin, State of Bahia, Brazil known to host distinctive macro-, and microseepage systems, respectively. In conclusion, we recommend further research over a diverse range of seepage systems and advocate for a mature conceptual model for microseepage phenomenon1684872FAPESP - FUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULOFAPESP - FUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO2015/06663-

Gene-Set Enrichment Analysis for Identifying Genes and Biological Activities Associated with Growth Traits in Dromedaries

Simple Summary This project aimed to find biological themes affecting growth in dromedaries. Candidate SNPs associated with growth were mapped to 22 genes, and 25 significant themes were identified related to growth. The main biological functions included calcium ion binding, protein binding, DNA-binding transcription factor activity, protein kinase activity, tropomyosin binding, myosin complex, actin-binding, ATP binding, receptor signaling pathway via JAK-STAT, and cytokine activity. EFCAB5, MTIF2, MYO3A, TBX15, IFNL3, PREX1, and TMOD3 genes are candidates for improving growth in camel breeding programs. Growth is an important heritable economic trait for dromedaries and necessary for planning a successful breeding program. Until now, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and QTL-mapping have identified significant single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with growth in domestic animals, but in dromedaries, the number of studies is very low. This project aimed to find biological themes affecting growth in dromedaries. In the first step, 99 candidate SNPs were chosen from a previously established set of SNPs associated with body weight, gain, and birth weight in Iranian dromedaries. Next, 0.5 kb upstream and downstream of each candidate SNP were selected from NCBI (assembly accession: GCA_000803125.3). The annotation of fragments with candidate SNPs regarding the reference genome was retrieved using the Blast2GO tool. Candidate SNPs associated with growth were mapped to 22 genes, and 25 significant biological themes were identified to be related to growth in dromedaries. The main biological functions included calcium ion binding, protein binding, DNA-binding transcription factor activity, protein kinase activity, tropomyosin binding, myosin complex, actin-binding, ATP binding, receptor signaling pathway via JAK-STAT, and cytokine activity. EFCAB5, MTIF2, MYO3A, TBX15, IFNL3, PREX1, and TMOD3 genes are candidates for improving growth in camel breeding programs

A review on spectral processing methods for geological remote sensing

FAPESP - FUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULOCNPQ - CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICOIn this work, many of the fundamental and advanced spectral processing methods available to geologic remote sensing are reviewed. A novel categorization scheme is proposed that groups the techniques into knowledge-based and data-driven approaches, according to the type and availability of reference data. The. two categories are compared and their characteristics and geologic outcomes are contrasted. Using an oil-sand sample scanned through the sisuCHEMA hyperspectral imaging system as a case study, the effectiveness of selected processing techniques from each category is demonstrated. The techniques used to bridge between the spectral data and other geoscience products are then discussed. Subsequently, the hybridization of the two approaches is shown to yield some of the most robust processing techniques available to multi- and hyperspectral remote sensing. Ultimately, current and future challenges that spectral analysis are expected to overcome and some potential trends are highlighted. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.In this work, many of the fundamental and advanced spectral processing methods available to geologic remote sensing are reviewed. A novel categorization scheme proposed that groups the techniques into knowledge-based and data-driven approaches, according to the type and availability of reference data. The. two categories are compared and their characteristics and geologic outcomes are contrasted. Using an oil-sand sample scanned through the sisuCHEMA hyperspectral imaging system as a case study, the effectiveness of selected processing techniques from each category is demonstrated. The techniques used to bridge between the spectral data and other geoscience products are then discussed. Subsequently, the hybridization of the two approaches is shown to yield some of the most robust processing techniques available to multi- and hyperspectral remote sensing. Ultimately, current and future challenges that spectral analysis are expected to overcome and some potential trends are highlighted476990FAPESP - FUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULOCNPQ - CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICOFAPESP - FUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULOCNPQ - CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICOsem informaçãosem informaçãoIn this work, many of the fundamental and advanced spectral processing methods available to geologic remote sensing are reviewed. A novel categorization scheme is proposed that groups the techniques into knowledge-based and data-driven approaches, according to the type and availability of reference data. The. two categories are compared and their characteristics and geologic outcomes are contrasted. Using an oil-sand sample scanned through the sisuCHEMA hyperspectral imaging system as a case study, the effectiveness of selected processing techniques from each category is demonstrated. The techniques used to bridge between the spectral data and other geoscience products are then discussed. Subsequently, the hybridization of the two approaches is shown to yield some of the most robust processing techniques available to multi- and hyperspectral remote sensing. Ultimately, current and future challenges that spectral analysis are expected to overcome and some potential trends are highlighted. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

Iterative Curve Fitting: A Robust Technique to Estimate the Wavelength Position and Depth of Absorption Features From Spectral Data

CNPQ - CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICOFAPESP - FUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULOIn this paper, we introduce a robust method coined iterative curve fitting to estimate the wavelength position and depth from spectral absorption features. The technique iteratively fits a curve to a continuum-removed spectrum and subsets the bands based on the minimum of the previous fit until fulfilling a specified threshold for residual error. The minimum of the latest iteration and its substituted reflectance value are then retrieved as the feature wavelength and depth. Two variants of the technique named iterative Gaussian fitting and iterative polynomial fitting (IPF) are presented. The superiority of these algorithms over current methods is demonstrated using four different absorption features between 400 and 2500 nm collected from an array of sandstones in the laboratory. The methods can achieve rmse values of +/- 1.0 nm for the wavelength and 1% for the feature depth. The estimated wavelength position in a hyperspectral sensor with less than 10-nm sampling interval is demonstrated to be in error by at most +/- 3 nm at 95% confidence level. Experiments with varying signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) indicate the robustness of the technique against noise. The IPF is able to estimate the wavelength of narrow features with an rmse of +/- 2.7 nm at an SNR of 150 : 1 and broad features with an rmse of +/- 4.2 nm at an SNR of 400 : 1. The method, which is embedded in a package named Automated Absorption-based Mineral Spectral Analyzer (AMISA), enables the simultaneous calculation of width, area, and asymmetry of spectral data acquired from imaging and nonimaging sensors.In this paper, we introduce a robust method coined iterative curve fitting to estimate the wavelength position and depth from spectral absorption features. The technique iteratively fits a curve to a continuum-removed spectrum and subsets the bands based on the minimum of the previous fit until fulfilling a specified threshold for residual error. The minimum of the latest iteration and its substituted reflectance value are then retrieved as the feature wavelength and depth. Two variants of the technique named iterative Gaussian fitting and iterative polynomial fitting (IPF) are presented. The superiority of these algorithms over current methods is demonstrated using four different absorption features between 400 and 2500 nm collected from an array of sandstones in the laboratory. The methods can achieve rmse values of +/- 1.0 nm for the wavelength and 1% for the feature depth. The estimated wavelength position in a hyperspectral sensor with less than 10-nm sampling interval is demonstrated to be in error by at most +/- 3 nm at 95% confidence level. Experiments with varying signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) indicate the robustness of the technique against noise. The IPF is able to estimate the wavelength of narrow features with an rmse of +/- 2.7 nm at an SNR of 150 : 1 and broad features with an rmse of +/- 4.2 nm at an SNR of 400 : 1. The method, which is embedded in a package named Automated Absorption-based Mineral Spectral Analyzer (AMISA), enables the simultaneous calculation of width, area, and asymmetry of spectral data acquired from imaging and nonimaging sensors541059645974CNPQ - CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICOFAPESP - FUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULOCNPQ - CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICOFAPESP - FUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO2015/06663-72008-7/30356

Investigating the capability of WorldView-3 superspectral data for direct hydrocarbon detection

CNPQ - CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICOThe recently launched WorldView-3 (WV-3) satellite is a high spatial resolution instrument with eight multispectral bands in the visible and near-infrared and an additional eight bands in the short-wave infrared (SWIR). Three of the SWIR bands, including bands 9, 12, and 16 (centered at 1210, 1730, and 2330. nm) respectively overlap with diagnostic absorption features of hydrocarbons (HCs) at 1200, 1700, and 2300. nm. This paper aims to investigate the capability of this superspectral instrument for direct HC detection. For this purpose, we have conducted several simulation experiments using multiple datasets comprising (i) spectral libraries of different HCs measured in the laboratory, (ii) close-range hyperspectral imagery of a well-known tar-sand sample acquired with a sisuCHEMA imaging system, and (iii) far-range ProSpecTIR hyperspectral imagery collected over twelve simulated HC-shows. These datasets were convolved to the spectral resolution of WV-3 and analyzed using a variety of spectral processing techniques. The absorption features of HCs manifest themselves in all cases albeit with varying intensity. The effect of a series of parameters on the detectability of the HCs was also scrutinized; these included background geology, spectral mixing, HC type, endmember set, spatial resolution, noise level, and topography. We demonstrate that the HC absorption feature in WV-3's band 12, accompanied by shoulders sustained at bands 11 and 13 (centered at 1660 and 2165. nm), is resilient enough and persist under various conditions. Potential applications of these finding include hydrocarbon exploration in frontier basins and environmental monitoring. © 2015 Elsevier Inc.The recently launched WorldView-3 (WV-3) satellite is a high spatial resolution instrument with eight multispectral bands in the visible and near-infrared and an additional eight bands in the short-wave infrared (SWIR). Three of the SWIR bands, including bands 9, 12, and 16 (centered at 1210, 1730, and 2330. nm) respectively overlap with diagnostic absorption features of hydrocarbons (HCs) at 1200, 1700, and 2300. nm. This paper aims to investigate the capability of this superspectral instrument for direct HC detection. For this purpose, we have conducted several simulation experiments using multiple datasets comprising (i) spectral libraries of different HCs measured in the laboratory, (ii) close-range hyperspectral imagery of a well-known tar-sand sample acquired with a sisuCHEMA imaging system, and (iii) far-range ProSpecTIR hyperspectral imagery collected over twelve simulated HC-shows. These datasets were convolved to the spectral resolution of WV-3 and analyzed using a variety of spectral processing techniques. The absorption features of HCs manifest themselves in all cases albeit with varying intensity. The effect of a series of parameters on the detectability of the HCs was also scrutinized; these included background geology, spectral mixing, HC type, endmember set, spatial resolution, noise level, and topography. We demonstrate that the HC absorption feature in WV-3's band 12, accompanied by shoulders sustained at bands 11 and 13 (centered at 1660 and 2165. nm), is resilient enough and persist under various conditions. Potential applications of these finding include hydrocarbon exploration in frontier basins and environmental monitoring173162173CNPQ - CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICOCNPQ - CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICOsem informaçãoBoardman, J.W., Kruse, F.A., Green, R.O., Mapping target signatures via partial unmixing of AVIRIS data (1995), pp. 23-26. , In, Summaries, Fifth JPL Airborne Earth Science Workshop : JPL Publication 95-1Brekke, C., Solberg, A.H.S., Oil spill detection by satellite remote sensing (2005) Remote Sensing of Environment, 95, pp. 1-13Brown, R.A., Hydrocarbon pollution detection and quantification using hyperspectral remote sensing and geophysics (2009) Institute for Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), p. 83. , International Institute for Geo-Information Science and Earth ObservationEnschede, The NetherlandsCarvalho Junior, O.A., Menezes, P.R., Spectral Correlation Mapper (SCM): an improvement on the Spectral Angle Mapper (SAM) (2000) Proceedings of the Tenth JPL Airborne Earth Science Workshop, pp. 65-74. , JPL Publication 00-18Clark, R.N., Curchin, J.M., Hoefen, T.M., Swayze, G.A., Reflectance spectroscopy of organic compounds: 1. Alkanes (2009) Journal of Geophysical Research, Planets, 114, p. 19Clark, R.N., Swayze, G.A., Leifer, I., Livo, K.E., Kokaly, R., Hoefen, T., A method for quantitative mapping of thick oil spills using imaging spectroscopy (2010) U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report Number 2010-1167, p. 51Cloutis, E.A., Spectral reflectance properties of hydrocarbons: remote-sensing implications (1989) Science, 245, pp. 165-168Crowley, J.K., Brickey, D.W., Rowan, L.C., Airborne imaging spectrometer data of the Ruby mountains, Montana: mineral discrimination using relative absorption band-depth images (1989) Remote Sensing of Environment, 29, pp. 121-134WorldView-3 datasheet, , https://www.digitalglobe.com/sites/default/files/DG_WorldView3_DS_forWeb_0.pdf, URL:, (In)Donkor, K.K., Kratochvil, B., Thompson, G.R., Analysis of Athabasca oil sand by near-infrared-diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (1995) Analyst, 120, pp. 2713-2717Ellis, J.M., Davis, H.H., Zamudio, J.A., Exploring for onshore oil seepas with hyperspectral imaging (2001) Oil and Gas Journal, 99, pp. 49-58Elvidge, C.D., Visible and near infrared reflectance characteristics of dry plant materials (1990) International Journal of Remote Sensing, 11, pp. 1775-1795Feng, J., Rivard, B., Sánchez-Azofeifa, A., The topographic normalization of hyperspectral data: implications for the selection of spectral end members and lithologic mapping (2003) Remote Sensing of Environment, 85, pp. 221-231Fingas, M., Brown, C.E., Oil spill remote sensing (2014) Handbook of Oil Spill Science and Technology, pp. 311-356. , John Wiley & Sons, IncHörig, B., Kühn, F., Oschütz, F., Lehmann, F., HyMap hyperspectral remote sensing to detect hydrocarbons (2001) International Journal of Remote Sensing, 22, pp. 1413-1422Jha, M., Levy, J., Gao, Y., Advances in remote sensing for oil spill disaster management: state-of-the-art sensors technology for oil spill surveillance (2008) Sensors, 8, p. 236Kallevik, H., Kvalheim, O.M., Sjöblom, J., Quantitative determination of asphaltenes and resins in solution by means of near-infrared spectroscopy. Correlations to emulsion stability (2000) Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 225, pp. 494-504Kokaly, R.F., Couvillion, B.R., Holloway, J.M., Roberts, D.A., Ustin, S.L., Peterson, S.H., Piazza, S.C., Spectroscopic remote sensing of the distribution and persistence of oil from the Deepwater Horizon spill in Barataria Bay marshes (2013) Remote Sensing of Environment, 129, pp. 210-230Kruse, F., Perry, S., Mineral mapping using simulated Worldview-3 short-wave-infrared imagery (2013) Remote Sensing, 5, pp. 2688-2703Kühn, F., Oppermann, K., Hörig, B., Hydrocarbon Index - an algorithm for hyperspectral detection of hydrocarbons (2004) International Journal of Remote Sensing, 25, pp. 2467-2473Lammoglia, T., Souza Filho, C., Spectroscopic characterization of oils yielded from Brazilian offshore basins: potential applications of remote sensing (2011) Remote Sensing of Environment, 115, pp. 2525-2535Lammoglia, T., Souza Filho, C., Mapping and characterization of the API gravity of offshore hydrocarbon seepages using multispectral ASTER data (2012) Remote Sensing of Environment, 123, pp. 381-389Leifer, I., Lehr, W.J., Simecek-Beatty, D., Bradley, E., Clark, R., Dennison, P., Wozencraft, J., State of the art satellite and airborne marine oil spill remote sensing: application to the BP Deepwater Horizon oil spill (2012) Remote Sensing of Environment, 124, pp. 185-209Macgregor, D.S., Relationships between seepage, tectonics and subsurface petroleum reserves (1993) Marine and Petroleum Geology, 10, pp. 606-619Mishra, D.R., Cho, H.J., Ghosh, S., Fox, A., Downs, C., Merani, P.B.T., Mishra, S., Post-spill state of the marsh: remote estimation of the ecological impact of the Gulf of Mexico oil spill on Louisiana Salt Marshes (2012) Remote Sensing of Environment, 118, pp. 176-185Prelat, A., Gunaratne, S., Huebner, L., Freeman, C., Cook, A., Soriano, C., Airborne hyperspectral detection of natural offshore and onshore hydrocarbon seeps (2013) Hydrocarbon Seepage: From Source to Surface, pp. 171-182. , American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Tulsa, OK, U.S.A. F. Aminzadeh, T.B. Berge, D.L. Connolly (Eds.)Rodger, A., Laukamp, C., Haest, M., Cudahy, T., A simple quadratic method of absorption feature wavelength estimation in continuum removed spectra (2012) Remote Sensing of Environment, 118, pp. 273-283Shaw, R.C., Kratochvil, B., Near-infrared diffuse reflectance analysis of Athabasca oil sand (1990) Analytical Chemistry, 62, pp. 167-174Van Der Meer, F., Van Dijk, P., Van Der Werff, H., Yang, H., Remote sensing and petroleum seepage: a review and case study (2002) Terra Nova, 14, pp. 1-17van der Werff, H., Knowledge based remote sensing of complex objects recognition of spectral and spatial patterns resulting from natural hydrocarbon (2006) International Institute for Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), p. 138. , (Enschede, The Netherlands

Effect of length and diameter of fiber reinforced composite post (FRC) on fracture resistance of remaining tooth structure

Introduction: Post and core has been considered for endodontically treated tooth, especially in cases with severe damage crowns. Recently fiber reinforced composite posts (FRC post) have been used in the treatment of endodontically treated teeth. Because the length and diameter of posts are effective in stress distribution, the purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of length and diameter of FRC post on fracture resistance. Methods: In this experimental study, 36 glass fiber posts with combination of 7mm, 9mm, and 12mm length and 1.1mm, 1.3mm and 1.5mm diameter were divided into 9 groups of 4. These posts were cemented in root canals by Panavia. Samples were tested with 45° compressive forces for the evaluation of fracture resistance. Datas were analyzed using SPSS soft ware and One- way and Two-way ANOVA analyses. Results: Fracture resistance did not increase significantly with the effect of length and diameter simultaneously (P=0.85). Samples with 12mm length and 1.5mm diameter had the greatest fracture resistance (1023/33N±239/22). The minimum fracture resistance had occurred in post with 7mm length and 1.5mm diameter (503/13N ±69/18). Fracture resistance increased significantly by increasing the length and the same diameter. Conclusion: It can be concluded that fracture resistance is affected by the length and not the diameter of FRC post

Multi-scale mapping of oil-sands in Anhembi (Brazil) using imaging spectroscopy

In this work, oil-sand outcrops of the Anhembi deposit located in the Paraná Basin, Brazil, were investigated using multi-scale imaging spectroscopy. The study incorporated VNIR–SWIR (400–2500 nm) spectroscopic data from imaging (i.e. sisuCHEMA) and nonimaging (i.e. FieldSpec-4) instruments in the lab, an AisaFENIX hyperspectral system on the ground and from the air, and WorldView-3 multispectral instrument. The aim was to assess the usefulness of emerging remote sensing technologies in characterizing hydrocarbon-bearing targets and understand the spatial variability of oil-sands at different scales using multi-source spectroscopic data. The bitumen content of the sands, estimated to be as high as 12 wt. %, was revealed to be unevenly distributed at all scales. Its distribution was shown to be controlled mainly by the clay proportion and permo-porosity of the strata, with the sand sheet facies corresponding to the highest bitumen contents. The ubiquitous clays, identified to be dominantly montmorillonite, were found to be intimately mixed with bitumen at all studied scales. The mean bitumen content was estimated to decrease from 6 to 4.5% while moving from small-, to deposit-scale as a consequence of the pixel aggregation effect and incremental clay contribution. The study showed that bitumen determination on the ground requires an imaging system with a high signal-to-noise ratio and good illumination conditions. Spectral denoising is also a crucial prerequisite for the extraction of coherent spectral information from the data. WV-3 data was proved capable of resolving HC’s feature at 1700 nm wavelength by its SWIR band-4 over targets encompassing >30% of the 7.5 m SWIR pixel; albeit it was not successful in determining the total bitumen content of the sands. This work indicated that HC signatures, particularly the one centered at 2300 nm, is consistent and comparable among scales, and upon employing properly calibrated data, could be used to confidently map the bitumen content of oil-sands at all imaging scales. A multi-scale spectroscopic approach can provide a complete picture of the variations in geologic targets and is able to fill the gap in scale differences across scales that when integrated, would add synergy and help reduce the uncertainties associated with ore grade estimation82CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO - CNPQFUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO - FAPESP2015/06663-7; 2017/25002-7; 2008-7/303563,Não temWe are indebted to Prof. Celio Pasquini (Institute of Chemistry, UNICAMP) for facilitating our access to sisuCHEMA instrument, Raymond Kokaly (USGS) for extensive help with WV-3 data ordering and advice on data calibration, and Emanuel Hernandez for assistance in the field. We appreciate DigitalGlobe, especially Bill Baugh, for the kind provision of the WV-3 Supercube data. We also thank the anonymous reviewers for their insightful comments and suggestions. SA and CRSF thank FAPESP and CNPq for the research grants No. 2015/06663-7, 2017/25002-7 and 2008-7/303563, respectively. This work was partially supported by the GRSG student award (2016) given to S

Exosomes derived from human placental mesenchymal stem cells in combination with hyperbaric oxygen synergically alleviates spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury

Spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury (IR) is a terrible non-traumatic injury that occurs after abdominal aortic occlusion and causes serious damage to neurological function. Several treatment strategies have been suggested for IR, but they were not unable to effectively improve these conditions. Herein we investigated whether exosomes derived from human placental mesenchymal stem cells (hpMSCs-Exos) in combination with hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) could alleviate injury and promote recovery in IR rats. Eighty male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly allocated into five equal groups. In addition to the control group that only underwent laparotomy, IR animals were planned into four groups as follows: IR group; IR-Exos group; IR-HBO group; and IR-Exos + HBO group. Neurological function evaluated before, 6 h, 12 h, 24 h, and 48 h after injury. After the last neurological evaluation, tissue samples were obtained for stereological, biochemical, and molecular assessments. Our results indicated that the neurological function scores (MDI), the numerical density of neurons, the levels of antioxidative factors (GSH, SOD, and CAT), and anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10) were considerably greater in treatment groups than in the IR group, and these changes were more obvious in the IR-Exos + HBO ones. This is while the numerical density of glial cells, the levels of an oxidative factor (MDA) and inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-18), as well as the expression of an apoptotic protein (caspase-3) were meaningfully decreased in treatment groups, especially IR-Exos + HBO group, compared to the IR group. Generally, it was found that co-administration of hpMSCs-Exos and HBO has synergistic neuroprotective effects in the rats undergoing IR